![]() Surgical simulations can provide necessary experience for students learning to perform difficult procedures, such as echography of the limb. Virtual training can reduce patient exposure to inexperienced residents and can improve medical knowledge. Surgical simulations have also become an important tool for medical education. Analysis of contact pressures of soft tissue in a limb prosthesis is also commonly done using FEA. For example, FEA has been used to explore the interaction between limb tissue and compression clothing in garment design. Understanding how the limbs respond to external manipulations at the limb surfaces can be explored through finite element analysis (FEA). Soft tissue in the musculoskeletal extremities is characterized by a multi-layer tissue structure of skin, fat, muscle and surrounding connective tissues that respond to deformation non-linearly. These regions are highly vulnerable during military combat with surface injuries to the extremities being the most prevalent of all types of wounds during recent military operations. The musculoskeletal extremities can be grouped into four regions, consisting of the upper leg, lower leg, upper arm, and lower arm. There was no additional external funding received for this study.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency. Army Medical Research & Materiel Command, Department of Defense (W81XWH-15-1-0232, PI: A. Please see the below links: For Model data in zip file under "Study- Lumped Models": doi.org/10.18735%2Fp744-rp18 For Raw data: doi.org/10.18735/JHE9-JH38.įunding: This study has been supported by U.S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: A static DOI package of the models as well as the raw data was obtained. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: August 15, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Doherty et al. Moerman, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, IRELAND These free and open-source specimen-specific models can serve as templates for simulations focused on mechanical manipulations of limb surfaces.Ĭitation: Doherty S, Landis B, Owings TM, Erdemir A (2022) Template models for simulation of surface manipulation of musculoskeletal extremities. This strategy reduced requirement of simulations to an average of under four iterations. A novel calibration strategy was implemented by using a ratio based adjustment of tissue properties from linear regression of model predicted and experimental responses. Ultrasound indentation data was used to drive an inverse finite element analysis for individualized determination of region-specific material coefficients for the lumped tissue. Eight homogeneous tissue models were developed for the upper and lower legs and arms of two donors. Other fields that rely on surface manipulation, such as garment or prosthetic design, would also benefit from characterization of tissue surface mechanics. Capturing the surface mechanics of musculoskeletal extremities would enhance the realism of life-like mechanics imposed on the limbs within surgical simulations haptics.
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